Israel progressed from a very poorly functioning framework (and hyperinflation) in the 1980s by way of a crawling exchange rate to inflation targeting (with formal central bank independence coming particularly late in the process).
| Years | Targets and attainment | Classification |
| 1974-85 | unsuccessful attempts to stabilise currency (versus USD then basket then USD), then from 1977 float with recurring depreciations; high monetary growth and no formal targets, widespread indexation, recurring fiscal dominance, ending in hyperinflation in 1984-5 | unstructured discretion UD |
| 1986-91 | serious stabilisation efforts from July 1985 (including currency reform and ‘no printing’ law) but continuing devaluations versus basket of major currencies | loosely structured discretion LSD |
| 1992-94 | preannounced exchange rate crawl intended to be consistent with informal inflation target; monetary operations increasingly focused on discount rate | exchange rate with inflation targeting ERwIT |
| 1995-96 | exchange rate bands widened, informal inflation targets met | inflation with exchange rate targeting IwERT |
| 1997-2003 | exchange rate bands widening continuously, declining narrow formal inflation targets undershot 3 years and overshot 1 year out of 7 | loose converging inflation targeting LCIT |
| 2004-17 | static inflation targets met 9 years and nearly met 3 years out of 14, long-term inflation expectations remain anchored, short-term less so; exchange rate bands, already so wide they were not relevant, scrapped 2005; some changes to inflation targeting procedures; significant forex purchases to limit appreciation especially 2008-11; central bank finally made independent from 2010 after long delays | full inflation targeting FIT |
Selected IMF references: SR 1977 p10; RED 1984 p44; RED 1985 p56; RED 1987 pp58-60, 81, 105; SR 1987 pp9-10; RED 1989 p49; SR 1991 pp11-12; RED 1993 pp16-18, 39; SR 1996 pp10-12; SR 1998 pp21-4; SISA 1999 pp20-22; SISA 2000 pp57-8; SR 2000 pp22-5; SR 2001 pp16-17; SI 2005 chI; SR 2008 p8; SR 2010 pp18, 23, 27; SIP 2012 chIII; SR 2014 p9 SR 2015 pp10-11; SR 2018 pp8-10, 26.
Additional source: Barkai and Liviatan (2007); Bank of Israel (2007).
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Monetary Policy Frameworks 